Also a source of bone pain, a stress fracture is an injury of the bone due to repetitive microtrauma. Bone responds to stress by becoming stronger. The stress causes bone resorption, which is followed by bone building, as long as the stress isn’t overwhelming. With excessive stress, resorption is greater than the building phase, leading to microscopic trauma and microfractures. Repetitive microfractures result in a stress fracture.
On clinical examination, there is a specific area of significant bone tenderness. There is pain or even inability to hop on the single leg. X-rays will not reveal abnormalities for at least two weeks and possibly much longer. MRI and three-phase bone scans can detect stress fractures much earlier. The reason for developing the stress fracture should be determined. Increasing training too quickly is the most common cause of this injury. Low bone density or low levels of vitamin D can predispose runners to stress fractures. Training schedules, diet, and for women, menstrual history, should be reviewed to find risk factors for the development of stress fractures and any problems detected should be corrected.During exercise, muscles swell, increasing in volume by up to 20 percent.
Compartment syndrome is diagnosed by measuring the pressure in each of the compartments in the involved legs before and immediately after a run. The treatment for compartment syndrome is surgery, after which most athletes are able to return to full activities.This is a common problem in the lower leg. Tendons attach the muscle to bone. Inflammation of the tendon causes pain when the muscle is stretched or contracted, and when the tendon swells, both strength and flexibility diminish.
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