Sample preparation and collection was highly standardized: Urine samples were self-collected from a specimen cup filled with spontaneous urine by the patient. There was no further differentiation concerning the timing of the urine sample, e.g. early morning or midstream urine in order to avoid any sample preselection. All participants were asked for signs of urinary tract infections; results of urine rapid tests were incorporated if they were already available.
Patients of the control group were either hospitalized in the municipal hospital Darmstadt for other reasons, or they were hospital staff or patients from the nearby pulmonologists office in Darmstadt. Healthy volunteers were also accepted. Their samples were taken at the study’s office in the municipal hospital Darmstadt. All included patients of the control group as well as all healthy volunteers had no cancer history and a non-pathological heart and lung auscultation.
All tissue samples were analyzed histopathologically at the Department of Pathology at the Municipal Hospital Darmstadt and distinction was made between a small cell lung cancer and a non-small cell lung cancer . For this study, the dog was conditioned by a classical conditioning method, called the clicker method: a correct indication of a sample was initially rewarded by food along with a specific click from a clicker device. During the conditioning phase the dog was trained to accept the click sound as the only positive reinforcement sign. Duration of the conditioning phase was about one year with training once or twice a week. Week days and training hours changed randomly.
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Family history and breast cancer risk for Asian women: a systematic review and meta-analysis - BMC MedicineBackground Studies of women of European ancestry have shown that the average familial relative risk for first-degree relatives of women with breast cancer is approximately twofold, but little is known for Asian women. We aimed to provide evidence for the association between family history and breast cancer risk for Asian women by systematically reviewing published literature. Methods Studies reporting the familial relative risk of breast cancer for Asian women were searched in three online databases and complemented by a manual search. Odds ratios (ORs) for the association between family history and breast cancer risk were pooled across all included studies and by subgroups in terms of the type of family history, age, menopausal status and geographical region. Results The pooled OR for women who have a first-degree relative with breast cancer was 2.46 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.03, 2.97). There was no evidence that the familial risk differed by the type of affected relative (mother versus sisters), the woman’s age ( 0.3). The pooled ORs for women of Asian ancestry with a family history in any relative were similar for those living in non-Asian countries (2.26, 95% CI: 1.42, 3.59) compared with those living in Asian countries (2.18, 95% CI: 1.85, 2.58). Conclusions Family history of breast cancer is associated with an approximately twofold relative risk of breast cancer for Asian women, which is of similar magnitude to that observed for women of European ancestry. This implies that similar familial factors are implicated in breast cancer risk between women of European and Asian ancestries. Genetic factors are likely to play a substantial role in explaining the breast cancer familial risk for Asian women, as similar risks were observed across different living environments and cultures.
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