Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc.Sep 11 2023 "Mistrust all in whom the impulse to punish is powerful," warned Friedrich Nietzsche more than a century ago.
This level of incarceration has many consequences, including a direct impact on public and individual health. Contact with the criminal justice system has been associated with a number of poor health outcomes, including hypertension, depression and substance abuse disorders, as well as poor mental health, obesity and accelerated aging.
The argument that we make in the paper is that one -; Black Americans are unequally or disproportionately exposed to criminal justice here in the U.S.. And two -; when they are placed on probation, they have fewer economic and social resources to maintain all of the different responsibilities that are tied to probation." Niño and his co-authors in the Department of Sociology and Criminology at the U of A -; Casey T.
Related StoriesOver the years, as adolescents settled into adulthood, the surveys charted the various ways respondents may have interacted with the criminal justice system, whether it was arrest, indictment, incarceration, probation or some combination of probation and incarceration .