]. Among 4957 children and adolescents aged 6–19, 1,506 were excluded because their lead levels had not been measured. An additional 135 participants were excluded because their cotinine levels exceeded 10 ng/mL, and a further 501 subjects were excluded due to missing values for covariates. Finally, 2,815 children and adolescents were included in our analysis.SHS was assessed using serum cotinine levels.
]. For this study, SHS exposure was categorized into 3 levels: low exposure , intermediate exposure , and heavy exposure .All examined participants aged 1–11 years old and a one-half sample from participants aged 12 years and older were eligible for blood lead testing. Lead in whole blood was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . The limit of detection was 0.
Table 1 Characteristics of study population stratified by categories of serum cotinine levels: NHANES 2015–2018 (
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