Sponsored Content by Sino Biological Inc.Jun 19 2023Reviewed by Emily Magee Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that range between 30 and 150 nm in diameter that are released from different kinds of cells, comprising tumor cells. They have the potential to induce apoptosis, modulate the immune system, and work as biomarkers for diagnosis.
Conversely, some proof proposes that tumor-derived exosomes can encourage cancer progression by overpowering the host immune response. The mechanisms comprise the activation of suppressor immune cells and inhibition of immune cell effectors. Some tumor-derived exosomes bring PD-L1, with IFN-γ maximizing the quantity of PD-L1 on such exosomes.
Exosomes and angiogenesis Cancer progression is closely related to angiogenesis. Nascent capillaries offer oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors to the tumor and serve a key role in tumor cell metastasis and proliferation. Exosomes and epithelial–mesenchymal transition In EMT, epithelial cells lose intercellular adhesion and cell polarity and convert into loosely arranged mesenchymal cells. During EMT, the epithelial cell markers’ expression, like β-catenin and E-cadherin, is downregulated, while that of hypodermal cell markers, like vimentin and N-cadherin, is upregulated.
Exosomes in cancer therapies Targeting tumor-derived exosomes might affect cancer therapy positively. A tumor-promoting effect is shown by exosomes that are secreted by malignant cells. Tumor cells, generally, secrete more exosomes than normal cells. These secretomes bring lncRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins that might serve as biomarkers for cancer prognostic monitoring and diagnosis.4
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