. The term “wastewater” can be used to include municipal and industrial wastewater, as well as agricultural and urban runoff. When treated, wastewater is generally processed using dedicated infrastructure , where eliminated contaminants end up in a sludge that must be dewatered, landfilled or incinerated.
Mechanical, engineered and closely monitored processes, such as aggregation, settling, filtration and disinfection, are essential to comply with government regulations that protect public health and aquatic ecosystems. However, wastewater treatment plants are expensive and have a considerable carbon and energy footprint.
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