presents the basic study characteristics of the two exposed cohorts and the unexposed cohort, including characteristics of the mother and the childbirth. During the study period, a total of 707 children were born after early pregnancy exposure to corticosteroids, 1336 children were born after exposure at any time during pregnancy, and 9371 children were born to women with IBD who did not receive corticosteroids during pregnancy .
Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of women with inflammatory bowel disease , and their neonates exposed to corticosteroids during pregnancy, and unexposed from 1995 to 2015Across the three cohorts, women had equivalent use of biologic therapy within 30 days prior to conception and during pregnancy. Slightly fewer women used azathioprine in the unexposed cohort; 5.9% vs. 12.9% and 10.8% in the two exposed cohorts. The same pattern was present regarding 5-ASA treatment during pregnancy with 28.
Table 2 The hazard ratio of congenital malformations in live born children exposed in utero to corticosteroids , relative to children not exposed in utero to corticosteroids. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression model with crude and adjusted estimates with 95% confidence intervals presents the birth outcomes of preterm birth, small for gestational age and low 5-min Apgar score.
Table 3 Odds of adverse birth outcomes in live-born children exposed in utero to corticosteroids , relative to children not exposed in utero to corticosteroids, multivariable logistic regression models with crude and adjusted estimates with 95% confidence intervals The crude and adjusted HRs for the site-specific infection categories in the offspring are presented in Table. In the group of first infection, covering all measured infections, the adjusted HR was 1.14 .
Although most women with IBD may conceive while their IBD is in remission, disease activity and flares can complicate up to 20% of all pregnancies in women with Crohn’s disease and 35% in women with ulcerative colitis [
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Differences in gut microbiota and its metabolic function among different fasting plasma glucose groups in Mongolian population of China - BMC MicrobiologyBackground Many studies reported the association between gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), but it is still unclear which bacterial genus plays a key role and how the metabolic function of gut microbiota changes in the occurrence and development of T2D. Besides, there is a high diabetic prevalence in Mongolian population, which may be partly affected by their high calorie diet. This study identified the main bacterial genus influencing T2D in Mongolian population, and analyzed the changes of metabolic function of gut microbiome. The association between dietary factors and the relative abundance of main bacterial genus and its metabolic function was also studied. Methods Dietary surveys and gut microbiota test were performed on 24 Mongolian volunteers that were divided into T2D (6 cases), PRET2D (6 cases) and Control group (12 cases) according to fasting plasma glucose (FPG) values. The relative abundance and metabolic function of gut microbiome from their fecal samples were measured by metagenomic analysis. Statistic method was used to evaluate the association between dietary factors and the relative abundance of the main bacterial genus or its metabolic function. Results This study found that the Clostridium genus may be one of the key bacterial genera affecting the process of T2D. First, the relative abundance of Clostridium genus was significantly different among the three groups. Second, there was a higher relative abundance of metabolic enzymes of gut bacteria in PRET2D and T2D group than that in Control group. Third, a strong correlation between Clostridium genus and many metabolic enzymes was uncovered, many of which may be produced by the Clostridium. Last, carotene intake daily was negatively correlated with the Clostridium but positively correlated with tagaturonate reductase catalyzing interconversions of pentose and glucuronate. Conclusions The gut Clostridium genus may play an important role in the development of T2D and it could be a po
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