Here, we present the results of an epidemiological study estimating the effect of neonatal BCG vaccination on reducing the risk of clinical progression from symptomatic COVID-19 to severe forms of the disease in individuals who did not receive a COVID-19 vaccination.Initially, the study design is unmatched case-control study. We conducted an unplanned sensitivity analysis, with subsequent strict internal matching. Data collection was carried out during 2020 and 2021.
Examination of the arm for a BCG scar was conducted on admission to the health unit, by a doctor or nurse from the staff. In case of doubt, the research team member responsible for the local data collection carried out another inspection. The ascertainment of BCG scar was conducted before the patients were classified as cases or controls. We did not enquire about the history of oral BCG.
] and considering an alpha value of 5%, power 80%, exposure in controls 65%, vaccine efficacy 30%, and the same number of cases and controls, with 20% losses.The summary OR was estimated using the Mantel-Haenszel method for unpaired samples.
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Health system characteristics and COVID-19 performance in high-income countries - BMC Health Services ResearchBackground The COVID-19 pandemic has shaken everyday life causing morbidity and mortality across the globe. While each country has been hit by the pandemic, individual countries have had different infection and health trajectories. Of all welfare state institutions, healthcare has faced the most immense pressure due to the pandemic and hence, we take a comparative perspective to study COVID-19 related health system performance. We study the way in which health system characteristics were associated with COVID-19 excess mortality and case fatality rates before Omicron variant. Methods This study analyses the health system performance during the pandemic in 43 OECD countries and selected non-member economies through three healthcare systems dimensions: (1) healthcare finance, (2) healthcare provision, (3) healthcare performance and health outcomes. Health system characteristics-related data is collected from the Global Health Observatory data repository, the COVID-19 related health outcome indicators from the Our World in Data statistics database, and the country characteristics from the World Bank Open Data and the OECD statistics databases. Results We find that the COVID-19 excess mortality and case fatality rates were systematically associated with healthcare system financing and organizational structures, as well as performance regarding other health outcomes besides COVID-19 health outcomes. Conclusion Investments in public health systems in terms of overall financing, health workforce and facilities are instrumental in reducing COVID-19 related mortality. Countries aiming at improving their pandemic preparedness may develop health systems by strengthening their public health systems.
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Previous cancer linked to long term heightened risk of cardiovascular diseaseCancer survivors may be at long term heightened risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease, irrespective of traditional underlying risk factors, suggest the findings of a large UK Biobank study, published online in the journal Heart. Those with previous breast or blood cancers may be at greatest risk, the findings indicate.
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