In recent weeks, you may have noticed some familiar headlines about red wine and cardiovascular health.
The Wine Flora Study involved 42 men with documented coronary artery disease. The trial encompassed two 3-week interventions. In one, the participants consumed 250 mL of red wine per day; the red wine sample had an alcohol content of 12.75. The Brazilian Wine Institute produced and supplied the red wine: a 2014 Merlot bottled in August 2016 and customized for the study. The second intervention involved alcohol abstention.
Each intervention was preceded by a 2-week washout period. Because certain foods and drinks could interfere with the results, the participants were instructed not to consume alcoholic beverages, fermented foods , synthetic prebiotics , fiber, dairy, food polyphenols , and probiotics. At each intervention, the gut microbiota was analyzed via 16S rRNA high‑throughput sequencing. This method makes it possible to identify bacterial species. The plasma metabolome of 20 randomly selected participants was evaluated by ultra‑high‑performance LC–MS/MS. In this method, liquid chromatography separates the compounds, and a mass spectrometer is used to analyze them.
One of the metabolites of interest was TMAO, which is produced from the trimethylamine released when gut bacteria process protein-rich foods. TMAO has been identified as playing a role in the development of atherosclerosis.After red wine consumption, there was significant remodeling of the gut microbiota, with a difference in beta diversity and predominance of
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