Thus, if the characteristics of the environment are relevant in contracting COVID, the access to health services and prior levels of health determine the level of affectation. This could explain why inequalities have been especially evident in hospitalisations and deaths. We also cannot rule out that this finding could go beyond the illnesses related to COVID-19. Between the beginning of the pandemic and July of 2021, Spain had excess mortality of over 85,000 deaths [].
In terms of study limitations, this is an ecological study, and the mechanisms underlying the associations between living in poor areas and incidence, hospitalisation and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic can only be hypothesised []. Secondly, this study excluded institutionalised people.
This study also has strengths. The most important is that in a single study, low socioeconomic status was linked not only to COVID-infection, but also to hospitalisations and deaths. This had not been done in Spain until now. Moreover, our study used more than one urban area and smaller geographical scale than previous studies [
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