consortia engraft and proliferate in the vagina chip, maintain an acid pH, produce both D- and L-lactate, and down-regulate proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, culture ofalone on-chip increased pH and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and resulted in epithelial cell injury.
To create the human vagina chip, fibroblasts were seeded first in the basal channel by inverting the chip for 1 h in human fibroblast growth medium. Chips were inverted again, and human vaginal epithelial cells were seeded in the apical channel for 4 h in human vaginal growth medium. The chips were incubated at 37 °C with 5% COovernight under static aerobic conditions.
Customized HBSS medium is composed of 1.26 mM calcium chloride , 0.49 mM magnesium chloride hexahydrate , 0.41 mM magnesium sulfate heptahydrate , 5.33 mM potassium chloride , 0.44 mM potassium phosphate monobasic , 137.93 mM sodium chloride , and 5.56 mM D-glucose . In-house differentiation medium is composed of DMEM , Ham’s F12 , 4 mM L-glutamine , 1 μM hydrocortisone , 1× Insulin-Transferrin-Ethanolamine-Selenium , 20 nM triiodothyronine , 100 μM O-phosphorylethanolamine , 180 μM adenine , 3.2 mM calcium chloride , 2% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum , 1% penicillin-streptomycin , and 4 nM β-Estradiol .
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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on timeliness and equity of measles, mumps and rubella vaccinations in North East London: a longitudinal study using electronic health recordsObjectives To quantify the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the timeliness of, and geographical and sociodemographic inequalities in, receipt of first measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination. Design Longitudinal study using primary care electronic health records. Setting 285 general practices in North East London. Participants Children born between 23 August 2017 and 22 September 2018 (pre-pandemic cohort) or between 23 March 2019 and 1 May 2020 (pandemic cohort). Main outcome measure Receipt of timely MMR vaccination between 12 and 18 months of age. Methods We used logistic regression to estimate the ORs (95% CIs) of receipt of a timely vaccination adjusting for sex, deprivation, ethnic background and Clinical Commissioning Group. We plotted choropleth maps of the proportion receiving timely vaccinations. Results Timely MMR receipt fell by 4.0% (95% CI: 3.4% to 4.6%) from 79.2% (78.8% to 79.6%) to 75.2% (74.7% to 75.7%) in the pre-pandemic ( n=33 226; 51.3% boys) and pandemic ( n=32 446; 51.4%) cohorts, respectively. After adjustment, timely vaccination was less likely in the pandemic cohort (0.79; 0.76 to 0.82), children from black (0.70; 0.65 to 0.76), mixed/other (0.77; 0.72 to 0.82) or with missing (0.77; 0.74 to 0.81) ethnic background, and more likely in girls (1.07; 1.03 to 1.11) and those from South Asian backgrounds (1.39; 1.30 to 1.48). Children living in the least deprived areas were more likely to receive a timely MMR (2.09; 1.78 to 2.46) but there was no interaction between cohorts and deprivation (Wald statistic: 3.44; p=0.49). The proportion of neighbourhoods where less than 60% of children received timely vaccination increased from 7.5% to 12.7% during the pandemic. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a significant fall in timely MMR receipt and increased geographical clustering of measles susceptibility in an area of historically low and inequitable MMR coverage. Immediate action is needed to avert measles outbreaks and sup
Source: medical_xpress - 🏆 101. / 51 Read more »