. This scoping review reveals important evidence gaps on the four included FSTs that targeted empirical assessments should aim to fill. The literature on PBAs sustainability is widespread, but there is a need to study the performance and implications of the growing market of seafood analogues. More analyses should also be conducted comparing PBAs against other alternatives such as tofu or insects to determine the most sustainable protein and fat alternatives.
Given the often-emphasized potential of vertical farms to contribute to more resilient food supply chains, it is necessary to assess their socio-economic implications and evaluate the efficiency and benefit for different geospatial and cultural contexts. For FD, their scaling and rapid development needs to be assessed from public health, socio-economic and environmental perspectives beyond GHGe to inform governmental policies and urban planning processes and guide more sustainable practices.
To validate the promise of BT for a sustainable, effective and efficient food supply chain, it would be important to empirically assess whether food traceability actually improves agricultural sustainability and to what extent.We synthesized empirical evidence indicating the sustainability of four representative FSTs and found varying levels of performances across different indicators and pillars.