Subnational levels are the first line of defense during public health emergencies. They need to be well equipped with the tools necessary for detecting, preventing, and responding to infectious disease outbreaks.When Nigeria conducted a Joint External Evaluation in 2017, there was no way of knowing that the COVID-19 pandemic was just three years away.
Bridging these health security gaps require engaging with all stakeholders at all levels: national and subnational. The latter, who are usually the first line of defense during public health emergencies, need to be well equipped with the tools necessary for detecting, preventing, and responding to infectious disease outbreaks. This would involve substantial investments in strengthening health systems.