In type-1 diabetes, the body turns on itself and attacks the so-called beta cells inside clusters in the pancreas called "islets".
Islets also often fail to connect with blood supply, and even when they do, like other transplants, they can come under attack by the recipient's immune system, which views the cells as invaders. These HILOs, when grown in a 3D environment mimicking the pancreas and then turbocharged with a "genetic switch", successfully produced insulin and were able to regulate blood glucose when transplanted into diabetic mice.
They focused on something called PD-L1, a so-called checkpoint protein that is known to inhibit the body's immune response. While HILOs transplanted into mice without the PD-L1 protection gradually stopped functioning, those induced to express the protein were shielded and continued to help diabetic mice regulate their blood glucose for more than 50 days.
Islet transplantation is generally considered as a treatment for type-1 diabetics, whose disease is the result of an auto-immune response.
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